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1.0 asphalt fumes

Asphalt fumes are small particles created by condensation from the gaseous state after volatilization (heating-boiling) of asphalt.

Because asphalt is primarily a waste product from the oil refining process and from the reconstitution of waste oils, many different compounds are found. The major ingredient of asphalt is asphaltenes, which are resins and oils made up of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphtha, hexane, and pentane are found in asphalt fumes as well as considerable amounts of mineral and silica dust.

The principal adverse affects on health from acute (short term) exposure to asphalt fumes are irritation of the sinus and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and irritation of the eyes.

Data on chronic (long term) exposure is mixed. Virtually no known workers’ compensation claims have been reported due to asphalt fume exposure. Studies done with three large roofing companies with over 1,100 asphalt workers by NIOSH in the 70s reported no evidence of ill health attributed to asphalt. The 112 roofing employees of one company averaged over 12 years of exposure with asphalt, with 23 workers having over 20 years of daily exposure.

Other reports have asphalt fumes as a cause, is not a contributing factor, in skin diseases, hypertension, peptic ulcers and lung disorders including emphysema.

Currently OSHA has classified asphalt fumes as an irritant, not a carcinogen.

The most important thing to note: If you smoke, practice poor hygiene or consume excessive alcohol, you are considerably increasing your risk to long-term health problems when working with asphalt/asphalt fumes.

Exposure to asphalt fumes can be controlled through engineering controls and the use of personal protective equipment. The following work practices should be adhered to:

  • Smoking, eating, drinking, and the dispensing or handling of food should be prohibited in the immediate areas of asphalt fumes.
  • When asphalt is used in the open, as in roofing operations, employees should station themselves on the windward side of any source of asphalt fume emissions. (You will have to station your luggers to the best limit exposure.)
  • Asphalt fumes can explode when they are concentrated in an enclosed environment and supplied with an ignition source. Use extreme caution when working in valleys or on buildings with high parapet walls and no ventilation. Procedures should be used to minimize the concentration of fumes.
  • Avoid overheating material, which greatly increases fumes and can cause a serious flash fire.
  • Asphalt fumes should never be allowed to enter a building. Ventilation systems, roof hatches and openings onto the roof should be shut down or closed to prevent exposure to the public.
  • If the kettle is properly operated, asphalt fumes can be greatly reduced. The higher the temperature, the more fumes. A tightly fitted closed lid and a clean kettle also reduce fumes.
NEVER, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, SHOULD ASPHALT BE USED IN A PITCH KETTLE! The fumes generated from such a mixture can severely damage lungs without proper respiratory protection. It also presents a greater fire hazard.

Personal protection would include leather work gloves with a cuff, long sleeve shirt fastened at the neck and sleeves, cuffless trousers, faceshield and heavy work boots when working at the kettle or with the dispensing pipe. At the end of the work shift, the employee should remove the soiled clothing and shower thoroughly before putting on street clothing.

If asphalt fumes cannot be controlled, employees trained in wearing a half-face respirator with proper cartridges should be prescribed.

2.0 carts and barrows

Hand Carts

Hand carts or two-wheeled hand trucks are extremely effective in moving even one roll of material and packaged roofing products. They greatly reduce injuries related to the bending over and lifting of materials. They can carry more at a greater speed across the roof, and can reduce injuries resulting from a roofer hitting or tripping over an item he couldn’t see because the material he was carrying obstructed his vision. Safe operation of a hand cart is mainly a matter of not overloading the cart and protecting your feet and hands from anything that might fall off a cart.

Insulation Carts

Insulation carts or four-wheeled hand trucks provide stable platforms which are excellent for transporting sheet material. They should not be used to transport tear-off unless the material can be transported in a stable manner or side boards have been added to hold the debris in the cart. Insulation carts are sometimes connected together and pulled by a roof tractor. They are notorious ankle-catchers due to their short handle and the location of the wheel stop bar on the handle. They are also difficult to pull on wet roofs and on inclines. Injuries often occur when the operator overloads a cart under these conditions.

Wheel Barrows

Only two-wheeled barrows should be used on roofing projects because they offer considerable more stability than one-wheeled barrows.

The predominate problem with wheel barrows is using them on wet surfaces, near fall hazards, over uneven surfaces or attempting to push them up too steep of an incline. This usually requires running with the wheel barrow to gain enough momentum to get up the ramp or incline to the disposal chute. This practice can usually be avoided by building a proper incline.

3.0 conveyor safety

Conveyors are safe when used correctly. They come in many shapes and sizes, and each is designed to do a specific job. You have to use the right conveyor for the job. They’re not a means of human transportation or a plaything.

Certain safety precautions must be taken even if you don’t work directly with conveyors. Don’t crawl over or under them. Never ride a conveyor, Don’t attempt to operate a conveyor unless you’ve been checked out on the procedures and are authorized to run it. Persons working on or around a conveyor should know the location and operation of stopping devices.

Don’t attempt to clean any belts or parts while the conveyor is running. Proper barrier guards should be provided at pinch points. If a conveyor runs overhead, precautions must be taken to prevent injuries from materials, which might fall from above. If a conveyor runs at head height or is the type that carries material hung from hooks, measures should be taken to prevent persons from being struck, and employees in the area should remain alert to possible danger.

Conveyors should be stopped and controls locked out when repairs are being made, and the equipment shouldn’t be started again until it is certain that all is clear.

Do not wear loose-fitted clothing and jewelry, particularly rin9^ around conveyors.

4.0 electric shock

There are several precautions against accidental shock that we all should consider when using portable electric tools. Check your tools for these conditions:

  • Defective or broken insulation.
  • Improper or poorly made connections to terminals.
  • Broken or otherwise defective plugs.
  • Loose or broken switches.
  • Sparking brushes.
If any of these conditions exist, have the tool repaired before using it. Report it to your foreman. Don’t use any defective tool.

Some basic safety rules are in order:
  • Do not attempt to repair or adjust portable electric tools while they are plugged in.
  • Never use portable electric tools in the presence of flammable vapors or gases unless they are specifically designed for this use.
  • Always use a ground fault circuit interrupter to provide you with an extra level of protection.
Electricity can be misunderstood. It must be respected and used wisely, the same as a hunting rifle or an automobile. Low voltage jolts can be fatal. Shock severity is affected by three major factors: current, path of the current through the body, and the duration of the current.

Tools should receive proper care so they will not become faulty or cause an accident. They should be properly stored, handled with care, and regularly inspected. They should be third- wire grounded or double insulated and used only with three-pronged extensions. Accidental grounding mishaps should be recognized.

5.0 eye and face protection

  • Eye and face protection must be wom at point of loading kettles or filling a big boy.
  • Care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection.
  • Operations involving heat may also involve light radiation. As required by the standard, protection from both hazards must be provided.
  • Faceshields should only be wom over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
  • As required by the standard, filter lenses must meet the requirements for shade designations. Tinted and shaded lenses are not filter lenses unless they are marked or identified as such.
  • As required by the standard, persons whose vision requires the use of prescription (R) lenses must wear either protective devices fitted with prescription (R) lenses or protective devices designed to be worn over regular prescription (R) eyewear.
  • Wearers of contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It should be recognized that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.
  • Caution should be exercised in the use of metal frame protective devices in electrical hazard areas.
  • Atmospheric conditions and the restricted ventilation of the protector can cause lenses to fog. Frequent cleansing may be necessary.
  • Welding helmets or faceshields should be used only over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
  • Non-sideshield spectacles are available for frontal protection only, but are not acceptable eye protection for the sources and operations listed for “impact.”
  • Ventilation should be adequate, but well protected from splash entry. Eye and face protection should be designed and used so that it provides both adequate ventilation and protects the wearer from splash entry.
  • Protection from light radiation is directly related to filter lens density. Select the darkest shade that allows task performance.

6.0 fiberglass

Fiberglass is a man-made fiber used primarily in the production of insulating materials and for reinforcing plastics and composites. Fiberglass is found in a variety of roofing products ranging from insulation board and fiberglass mats, to coverings on boards and felt scrims.

The hazard of working with fiberglass depends on the size and dimensions of the fibers used in a product. Smaller fibers, generally less that 3.5 microns in length (1,000 microns = 1 millimeter), such as those found in many insulation boards used for roofing, can be inhaled and deposited in the lungs where they accumulate and possibly cause fibrotic changes. Larger fibers become Embedded in the skin and cause irritation. it is the inhalation hazard coupled with the dermal (skin) hazards that make fiberglass a potentially greater hazard than nuisance dust. Therefore, fiberglass requires appropriate protective equipment to minimize exposure.

Fiberglass fibers are not related to asbestos fibers except that exposure to fiberglass during tear-off of roofs can contaminate a personal or area asbestos sample.

When handling fiberglass, the primary hazard is that thin fibers can be inhaled and deposited in the lungs where they can accumulate and cause fibrotic changes or hardening of the lungs. However, epidemiological studies (studies of epidemics) have not determined that there is a substantial risk of injury resulting from the inhalation of small fiberglass fibers, even though fibrotic changes in lungs tissue have been observed in some occupations working exclusively with the product.

Air monitoring procedures (the same used for asbestos exposure) have not positively concluded that the airborne concentrations of fiberglass fibers during roofing tear-off are at hazardous levels (ACGIH TWA 10mg/m3), but personal protective equipment should still be worn as a safeguard. During roof tear-off, airborne concentrations of fiberglass will be controlled by:

  • Wetting the roof prior to cutting;
  • Using a cutter or roof slicer with the blade set just deep enough to cut the built-up roof;
  • Wetting the material prior to demolition; and
  • Removing insulation board in sheets.
In the event that visible fiberglass can be seen in the air (and may exceed the limits) NIOSH has approved the use of half face, HEPA cartridge respirators, To prevent potential eye injuries, safety glasses must be worn at all times.

Some fiberglass roofing products are bound with adhesives and plasticizers making the fiberglass rigid and sharp. These sharp glass fibers can act like razor blades against skin, particularly when cutting fiberglass products.

The primary health problem or hazard associated with larger fiberglass fibers is skin irritation. Fiberglass irritation is due to the mechanical abrasion of fiberglass on wet, exposed skin. Repeated exposures to the skin cause additional irritation redness and itching. Roofars who work with it on an intermittent basis may suffer repeated irritation after each exposure. In some cases, direct skin contact will embed the glass under the skin causing blood blisters. Some individuals who work consistently with fiberglass develop tough skin and become immune to the irritation.

Long sleeve shirts and leather palm work gloves with a rib-knit wrist should be worn during tear- off and handling of fiberglass board. Fiberglass can and does adhere to work clothes and shoes.

Protection from skin exposures is best achieved by wearing appropriate protective equipment such as gloves, suits and boots. These items should be worn over regular work clothing and disposed of or removed at the end of the work day and laundered separate from other clothing.

7.0 fire extinguishers

There are three main types of fires you may encounter on a roof:

  • Class A: Standard combustibles such as paper, wood, and most single ply roofing materials require cooling to strike (put out) the fire.
  • Class B: Flammable liquids such as gasoline, solvents, oils, paints, asphalt materials require smothering to strike the fire.
  • Class C: Electrical equipment requires a non-conducting agent to strike the fire.
It is highly recommended that an ABC fire extinguisher be available on the rooftop. This type of fire extinguisher will assist you in putting out all three types of fires. According to the NFPA, at least one portable fire extinguisher rated at least 20-8 is required within 30 feet of a kettle when the kettle is in operation. When torch applied work is being done, at least one multi-purpose fire extinguisher is required within 20 feet of torch applied roofing equipment. In addition, at least one extinguisher is required on a roof being installed or repaired.

Make sure that employees are trained in proper fire notification and fire fighting procedures. You don’t want to do your training when a fire breaks out! This training should include letting employees know that:
  • If a fire breaks out, the foreman should be notified immediately and someone should begin to fight the fire immediately if it’s in its incipient (beginning) stage. Get help quickly, and make sure that someone notifies the fire department.
  • When fighting the fire, always leave yourself an exit route. If the fire grows quickly or threatens to grow, abandon efforts to fight the fire and exit the roof immediately. Remember, you are not a fireman.
  • When fighting the fire, pull the locking pin from the extinguisher and aim the extinguisher flow at the base of the fire, sweeping from side to side. If possible, move around to all sides of the fire using the extinguisher to put out the fire.
  • Once you have put the fire out, make sure that it cools so that the fire does not start up again. Many fires can smolder for hours before erupting in flames again.
Make sure that the fire extinguishers on your project are in good condition. They should be inspected on a monthly basis, and the tag should be updated after each inspection. Look to insure that the extinguisher has not been damaged in any way, and that the gauge reads full. Tap tha gauge lightly to insure that it is not stuck or damaged. On an annual basis, have the manufacturer inspect the fire extinguisher to insure that it is still usable. If you find that an extinguisher is not in good condition, make sure you remove it from service and tag it out so someone does not use it.

8.0 flammable liquid

Flammable liquids are among the most lethal, dangerous fire hazards.

Flammable liquids have a low flash-fire point. Their vapors are highly sensitive to the slightest spark. Static electricity alone can set them ablaze.

Some problem areas where corrective action may be taken to guard against ignition are:

  • Are all connections on drums and piping which carry either vapor and liquid or combustible liquids tight?
  • Are flammable liquids kept in closed, proper containers when not in use?
  • Are we promptly cleaning up all combustible liquid spills?
  • Are we storing combustible waste in covered metal containers and disposing of it daily?
  • Are we storing gas and other flammable liquids in approved containers?
  • Are storage cabinets for flammable liquids labeled “Flammable-Keep Fire Away?” Are we attentive to the warning?
  • Do we only keep a one-day supply of flammable liquid?
  • Are LP gas storage tanks guarded to prevent damage from vehicles?
  • Are “NO SMOKING” signs posted on or near LP gas tanks?

9.0 gas cylinders

  • Under certain conditions, compressed gas cylinders can become destructive and lethal bombs.
  • When you handle cylinder gases, you know the contents of each cylinder.
  • The label is the only reliable guide in determining what the cylinder actually contains.
  • The label also identifies the hazards associated with the gas and the precautions to be taken.
  • Cylinders never should be stored near an actual or potential source of heat or where they will be exposed to extreme weather conditions.
  • When cylinders are empty, the valves should be closed, accessories returned, and mark the cylinder “empty.” Place it away from full cylinders.
  • Remember, accidents don’t just happen.
  • Keep cylinders secured in an upright position.
  • Keep caps on unused cylinders.

10.0 general safety principles

  • All employees shall follow these safe practice rules and all additional rules as may be adopted from time to time. All employees shall render every aid to safe operations and report all unsafe conditions orpractices to the foreman or superintendent.
  • Foremen shall insist on employees observing and obeying every rule, regulation, and order as is necessary to the safe conduct of work. Disciplinary action will be taken in cases of non-compliance.
  • All employees shall participate in safety training programs, which will be held every other week. In addition to training on specific safety topics, each meeting will include a review of all accidents and near misses reported since the last meeting, discussion of steps taken to prevent such incidents from being repeated and an opportunity for all employees to express their safety concerns and/or suggestions.
  • All employees shall participate in tailgate safety meetings. Foremen will hold tailgate safety meetings once every 10 days, and will use these meetings as an opportunity to provide injury and property damage prevention instructions.
  • No employee shall bring any intoxicating beverages or illegal drugs to the job site or Company premises or have such items in his or her possession while performing work for the Company. Anyone possessing or known to be under the influence of intoxicating substances or drugs which impair the employee’s ability to safely perform assigned duties shall not be allowed on the job while in that condition and is subject to immediate termination.
  • No one shall knowingly be permitted or required to work while his or her ability or alertness is impaired by fatigue, illness, or other causes that might unnecessarily expose the employee or others to injury.
  • No one shall bring any weapons or explosives to the job site or the Company’s premises or have such items in his or her possession while performing work for the company.
  • Horseplay, scuffling, and other acts which tend to have an adverse influence on the safety or well-being of employees are prohibited.
  • Crowding or pushing when boarding or leaving any vehicle or other conveyance is prohibited.
  • Employees shall not smoke in restricted or prohibited areas.
  • Employees shall plan and supervise work in such a manner as to prevent injuries in the handling of materials and the operation of equipment.
  • Employees shall not enter manholes, underground vaults, chambers, tanks or any other confined space that receives little ventilation until it has been determined that it is safe to enter.
  • No burning, welding, or other sources of ignition shall be applied to any enclosed tank or vessel, even if there are some openings, until it has first been determined that no possibility of explosion or fire exists, and authority for the work is obtained from the foreman or superintendent.
  • Gasoline shall not be used for cleaning purposes.
  • When lifting heavy objects, use the large muscles of the leg instead of the smaller muscles of the back. If the object is too heavy for one person to iin safely, get help.
  • All injuries shall be reported immediately to the foreman so that arrangements can be made for medical or first-aid treatment. Foremen shall report all incidents to the Superintendent.
  • Company supplied clothing or equipment will be replaced when damaged or worn out. These items should be retained to the foreman for a new replacement.

11.0 hand tools

  • The correct use of tools is the distinguishing mark of a craftsman.
  • Being in a hurry is the most common excuse for the misuse of tools at home or on the job.
  • It’s a sound practice to inspect tools before using them.
  • Chisels and punches should be checked for mushroomed or chipped heads, and bent or broken points.
  • Drills, augers and bits may lose temper, or be dull or otherwise worn.
  • File handles may be missing or broken. File tangs may be bent, broken or chipped.
  • The jaws of wrenches often spread from heavy use.
  • Hammer heads become deformed, or the handles become cracked.
  • Cutting edges of knives, chisels, drills, and similar tools should be kept sharp.
  • Power tool defects shouldn’t be overlooked either.
    • Be on the lookout for such things as broken insulation, loose connections, brushes, sparking, and defects in the plugs and switches.
    • Power tools must be third-wire grounded or double-insulated.
  • If any of the previously mentioned defects are noticed, remove the tool from service.
  • Call it to the attention of your foreman.

12.0 head protection

All head protection (helmets) is designed to provide protection from impact and penetration hazards caused by falling objects. Head protection is also available which provides protection from electric shock and bum. When selecting head protection knowledge of potential electrical hazards is important. Class A helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 2,200 volts). Class B helmets, in addition to impact and penetration resistance, provide electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (they are proof tested to 20,000 volts). Class C helmets provide impact and penetration resistance (they are usually made of aluminum which conducts electricity), and should not be used around electrical hazards.

Where falling object hazards are present, helmets must be worn. Some examples include: working below other workers who are using tools and materials which could fall; working around or under conveyor belts which are carrying parts or materials; working below machinery or processes which might cause material or objects to fall; and working on exposed energized conductors.

13.0 hoisting

  • Gallows frames shall be securely anchored before hoisting materials.
  • Only muscular power shall be used to hoist materials by means of wooden gallows frame. A winch or power hoist shall not be used.
  • Smith hoist or other steel hoist designed for powered lift may be used, but shall only be operated by authorized persons.
  • Hoisting areas shall be clear of electrical lines and overhead obstructions. The ground should be firm, reasonably level and free of debris.
  • The operator shall inspect the hoisting equipment before use to ensure it is properly maintained in safe operating condition.
  • Construction materials shall not be used for counterweights.
  • Do not exceed the rated capacity of the hoisting equipment being used.
  • When loading with a crane, one person shall direct the crane with hoisting signals.
  • Hard hats shall be worn on the ground in hoisting areas. Do not work or walk under suspended loads.
  • When hoisting buckets of hot bitumen to the roof, a safety snaphook with swivel shall be used. The rope shall not be tied directly to the bucket. The bucket shall not be filled to more than three quarters of its capacity.
  • Hoisting equipment shall not be left unattended with a load suspended.
  • No person shall ride on material hoists except for the purpose of inspection and maintenance.

14.0 kettles and tankers

  • Only trained and authorized persons shall operate kettles and tankers.
  • Kettles and tankers shall be securely set up on firm, level ground with all stabilizing legs deployed and wheels blocked to prevent inadvertent movemenl.
  • Kettles and tankers shall not be operated closer than 15 feet to any building or closer than 30 feet to any building entrance, walkway or intake vent. The area within 15 feet of any kettle or tanker shall be maintained free of any materials, debris, tools or equipment. A clear path shall be maintained between the kettle and the hoist or hand line. Trailer mounted kettles and tankers shall be unhitched prior to operation.
  • Prior to use, kettles and tankers shall be inspected for immersion tube leaks, fuel supply or heating system damage or leaks, pumping system leaks and other equipment defects. Defects shall be reported and the kettle or tanker taken out of service until repaired.
  • Employees tending kettles, or carrying buckets of hot tar, shall wear gloves with cuffs that fit snugly at the wrists and long-sleeved shirts fastened at the wrists. Shirts must extend over the top of clothes. Kettle operators shall wear full face shield protection.
  • Appropriate portable fire extinguishers shall be kept at or near all kettles and tankers. 20 Lb type ABC or BC, dry chemical fire extinguisher is required.
  • Kettle and tanker loading shall be performed in a manner to avoid splashing or overflow. Before firing, immersion tubes shall be covered and sufficient space shall be allowed for expansion of heated bitumen.
  • Pumper pipelines shall be securely fastened at the roof top and shall not be supported by ladders for used access. Pumper pipe shall not be within 3 feet of a ladder used for access.
  • Kettles and tankers shall be cleaned regularly to prevent bitumen build-up on external surfaces or carbon and debris accumulations internally.
  • If a kettle fire should occur stay calm, close the lid, turn off the fuel supply at the tank and call for help. A small amount of water poured into the vent on top of the kettle will normally put out a fire. If the fire spreads to the exterior of the kettle, a fire extinguisher should be used or call Fire Department for assitance.
  • At the end of the work day, kettle and tanker drain spigots, burners, lids and fuel supplies shall be secured.
  • When moving the kettle on any public street or roadway, it shall be drained at least 5 inches below the splash rail. Burner systems shall be shut down during transport. All propane lines shall be disconnected and secured prior to transporting the kettle.
  • Kettles and tankers shall not be used to transport tools, equipment or materials unless specific storage is provided for such purposes.

15.0 ladders

  • All ladders shall be inspected for splits or damaged rungs or hardware prior to use. Damaged ladders shall be reported, red-tagged and removed from service.
  • Do not place ladders where they can be accidentally struck or displaced. Pumper pipelines shall not be within 3 feet of a ladder used for access.
  • Keep ladders away from power lines. Portable metal ladders may not be used for electrical work, or where they may contact electrical conduit.
  • Extension ladders shall not extend more than 44 feet in length when extended to the limit permitted. Extension ladders shall have the following minimum laps:
    • Two-section ladders: 3 feet for ladders with working length up to 33 feet, 4 feet for ladders with working length 33 to 44 feet.
    • Three-section ladders: 4 feet for each section.
  • Ladders shall be firmly placed at the bottom and positioned so that the distance from its foot to the wall is one-quarter the height of the roof edge. Side rails must extend 3 rungs above the roof edge.
  • Ladders shall be tied off and work shall be so arranged that employees are able to face the ladder and use both hands while climbing or descending.
  • Employees shall not carry any objects or loads that could cause them to lose their balance and fall.
  • Employees shall not stand on the top three (3) rungs without hand-holds unless protected by a safety belt.
  • Roof gutters should not be depended upon for support.
  • Ladders shall not be used by more than one person at a time.

16.0 powder-actuated hand tools

  • Powder-actuated hand tools probably have as much safety built into them as most tools on the market. Only trained and authorized personnel who are qualified in the correct usage and safety should operate powder-actuated tools.
  • Only trained and authorized personnel who are qualified in the correct usage and safety should operate powder-actuated tools.
  • Protective equipment is necessary, so wear safety goggles. A face shield and hard hat are also recommended.
  • Powder-actuated tools should have interlocked shields to fit over the shape being fastened.
  • Be sure the bore is clear before loading, the cartridge is fully seated, the breech is closed and locked, and that all safety devices are In working order.
  • Before starting, familiarize yourself with what is behind the surface so you won’t damage electrical wires or lines, etc.
  • Studs should not be driven into very hard or brittle substances.
  • Never point a powder-actuated tool at anyone and don’t rest it against your body.
  • Make sure the area is clear of others before firing.
  • Insert cartridges only when ready to fire.
  • Carry tools vertically and don’t drop them.
  • Store tools, studs and cartridges in a locked, safe place when not in use.
  • Follow the safety rules and manufacturer’s instructions.

17.0 power roof cutter

Make sure the decking is sound under the roof before you start cutting, badly rusted decking rarely can support any load after the roof has been cut open.

As in all powered equipment, roofers who operate roof cutters must be knowledgeable in the operation of the equipment. Instructions as to how to operate and service as well as the hazards to fellow workers or the public must be read. An uninformed operator can subject himself and others to death or serious injury.

Wear proper personal protection; safety glasses or a face shield must be worn at all times by the operator and employees when working in the vicinity of the roof cutter. Proper fitting clothes that are not too loose to get caught or too tight to restrict movement should be worn. Under no circumstance should employees be allowed to do tear-off or operate the cutter wearing shorts, tennis shoes, or no shirt.

Before operating the equipment, thoroughly inspect it. Most damage is done to cutters during transport to the job. If it has been dropped or the frame I bent, DO NOT USE IT.

Before operating, make sure it has been serviced properly; check the oil and gas and clean the bitumen out of the flutes. Make sure that the cutter blades are sharp and in good condition. Also check to make sure that rope, metal banding, or other foreign substances are not wrapped around the cutter blade shaft. Check the frame; structural cracks are not uncommon due to the vibration. NEVER, under any circumstances, operate a cutter that has blades installed without the washers put back on; blades lacking the side mounted washer can break off and go flying in any direction.

Always check the roof you are going to cut open and make sure that no foreign objects are in the way above or BELOW what you are going to cut. Remember, some buildings have electrical lines and other services buried in the built-up roof. Make sure the roof you are cutting open is safe to cut open.

Never set the cutter blades so low that they cut into the deckings. Serious injuries and deaths have resulted when cutter blades hitting metal roof trusses, break off hitting unsuspecting people inside the building or on the roof.

Never operate the cutter near the roof edge. When operating parallel or perpendicular to the roof edge, a warning line system must be set up at lsast ten feet from the edge.

Remember, power roof cutters can throw rocks and material up to 50 feet in any direction. Make sure the people exposed to such hazards on the roof and ground are protected from injury or property loss.

Never operate a cutter that has had its belt guards or gravel guards removed.

18.0 propane cylinders

  • Prior to use, cylinders shall be inspected to ensure that they are marked “flammable,” that the hose is free of cuts, cracks or worn places and that the pressure regulator is functioning properly. Defects shall be reported and equipment shall be taken out of service until repaired.
  • California law requires the possession of material transportation documents when hauling flammable liquids. Drivers shall ensure that they have the necessary documentation before leaving the yard.
  • Cylinders shall be transported, stored and used in a secure and upright position with the container valve closed and a safety cap or collar in place. Cylinders shall not be dropped or allowed to strike each other.
  • Cylinders shall be moved by means of a hand truck. If it is absolutely necessary to move a cylinder by hand, roll it on the bottom edge. Do not drag cylinders.
  • When in doubt, cylinders shall be considered full and handled accordingly.
  • Cylinders shall not be hoisted to the roof areas by attaching lines to valves, caps or collars or by wrapping slings around them.
  • Unless heat-shielded, cylinders shall be kept at least 15 feet from the kettle. Trap wagons shall be at least 25 feet from the kettle or tanker.
  • When not in use, the fuel supply shall be turned off at the tank.

19.0 ramps and runways

Multi-level roofs, parapet walls and expansion joints pose exit problems when it is necessary to transport tear-off and materials on and off the roof. Ramps and runways are used because alternative methods for transporting materials are not practical.

Except as provided elsewhere, ramps or runways erected for the use of roofers should be not less than 36 inches in width, and shall be secured and supported so as to avoid deflection and springing action.

Securely fastened cleats or other means (such as secured walkway pads) shall be used on inclined runways sloped 2 feet in 10 feet or more to improve the footing. Where cleats are used, they shall be 8 inches or more in length and not more than 16 inches apart.

When planks are used for raised walkways, runways or work platforms for chutes, they should be secured against displacement. Planks shall be uniform in thickness and all exposed ends should be provided with beveled cleats to prevent tripping.

Guard rails are required on all ramps and walkways and work platforms three feet or higher off the ground.

Ramps and runways shall be provided with a suitable walkway and guardrail outside of the walkway on one side.

Ramps or runways erected for the use of power-driven buggies shall be capable of supporting at least four times the maximum load to be imposed. Curbs of four-inch by four-inch lumber (or member of similar size made from laminated two-inch by four-inch members) should be at least five feet wide between the curbs and, where necessary, should provide turn-outs sufficiently wider to permit safe meeting or passing of buggies.

Ramps should be designed with a safety factor of at least four. Ramps should have an incline of no more than 18 degrees maximum.

Plywood runways should be secured together by means that will prevent them from separating and blowing off the roof. Precautions should be taken to prevent tripping hazards from warped plywood used for runways. Plywood runways should not be placed over roof holes or bad deck unless they can support the load in a safe manner and guard rails are installed on one side.

20.0 rooftop operations

  • Before loading a roof with men, materials or equipment, the deck shall be inspected to ensure that it is secure and free of deterioration. The underside of a deteriorated deck shall be examined to detect dangerous areas.
  • Roof openings and holes shall be covered and guard-railed before roofing operations begin. Covers shall be securely fastened to prevent accidental displacement and shall be strong enough to bear the load of men and equipment.
  • Covers shall not be removed without authorization and shall be immediately replaced when the work is completed.
  • Hazard warning and fall protection systems such as warning lines, guard-rails, safety nets, safety belts, tie lines, toe boards and jacks shall be provided, installed and used by employees working on or from surfaces where they are required.
  • Roofs shall be loaded properly to prevent material falling and causing injury and/or property damage.
  • Any damage to scaffolds, falsework, or other supporting structures shall be immediately reported and repaired before use.
  • Employees shall wear appropriate clothing and footwear at all times. Long sleeve shirts, gloves with snug-fitting cuffs, long trousers (no cuffs) extending over shoe tops and high-top safety shoes (at least ankle length) with rubber or composttion soles in good condition are mandatory and must be worn on the job. Inappropriate footwear or shoes with thin or badly worn soles shall not be worn. Safety glasses are required when grinding, sanding, chipping, operating a roof cutter, spudding gravel or any other operation which may subject the eyes to injury due to flying particles. Goggles shall be worn by all kettlemen and in all tear-off operations. Hard hats shall be worn during hoisting and crane operations and whenever hazards from above are present. If no such hazards exist, hard hats may be removed at the rooftop.
  • Only authorized persons shall operate machinery, equipment or Company vehicles.
  • Only appropriate tools shall be used for the job. Pipe or Stillson wrenches shall not be used as a substitution for other wrenches. Wrenches shall not be altered by the addition of a handle-extensions or ”cheaters.“ A screwdriver shall not be used as a chisel. Files shall be equipped with handles and shall not be used to punch or pry.
  • All tools and equipment shall be maintained in good condition. Report all damaged or malfunctioning tools or equipment immediately. Damaged or malfunctioning tools and equipment shall be removed from service and red-tagged “DEFECTIVE.”
  • Employees shall be instructed to ensure that all guards and other protective devices are in proper places and adjusted. Guards and other safety devices are not to be disabled.Deficiencies shall be reported and deficient equipment shall immediately be taken out of service.
  • Employees shall not handle or tamper with any electrical equipment, machinery, or air or water lines in a manner not within the scope of thelr duties, unless they have received instructions from their foreman.
  • Portable electric tools shall not be lifted or lowered by means of the power cord. Ropes or other appropriate devices shall be used.
  • Electrical cords shall not be exposed to damage from vehicles.
  • In locations where the use of a portable power tool is difficult, the tool shall be supported by means of a rope or similar support of adequate strength.
  • Loose or frayed clothing, or long hair, dangling ties, finger rings, etc., shall not be worn around moving machinery or other sources of entanglement.
  • Machinery shall not be serviced, repaired or adjusted while in operation, nor shall oiling of moving parts be attempted, except on equipment that is designed or fitted with safeguards to protect the person performing the work.
  • Where appropriate, lockout procedures shall be used.
  • Employees shall be instructed in special work rules and engineering controls applying to work with asbestos containing roofing materials and other hazardous substances.
  • Employees shall cleanse thoroughly after handling hazardous substances, and follow special instructions from authorized sources.
  • All rolling equipment shall be secured, when not in use, to prevent its rolling off the roof or into personnel.
  • Wheelbarrows shall not be pushed with handles in an upright position.
  • Materials, tools, trash or other objects shall not be thrown from buildings or structures until proper precautions are taken to protect others from falling objects.
  • Tire stops shall be installed where necessary to prevent wheelbarrows used for dumping from going over the roof edge.
  • Debris shall be covered while being transported to the dump on public streets or highways.
  • Material and equipment shall not be stored outside warning lines.
  • No equipment, except wheelbarrows and mop carts, shall be used within 10 feet of the roof edge unless a guardrail system or other motion stopping safety system is in place,
  • When working outside warning lines, employees shall always work away from the roof edge. Employees should never work with their backs to the roof edge.
  • Equipment that is pulled by an operator who walks backwards shall not be used on a roof having as slope greater than 4:12.
  • Buckets used in carrying service shall be filled so that the liquid surface is not closer than 4 inches from the top. No other open container transporting hot asphalt or pitch shall be filled beyond 75 percent of capacity.
  • Buckets containing hot asphalt or pitch shall not be carried on ladders.
  • No more than one bucket of hot asphalt or pitch shall be carried at one time by a worker on a roof having a slope of 6:12 or steeper.
  • Workers handling buckets of hot tar should not carry anything that will interfere with the safety of this operation.
  • When you carry hot asphalt or pitch, walk and let others know that you have “hot stuff.”
  • Avoid walking in hot material. This is slippery and can cause a fall and a burn.
  • When coal tar pitch is being handled, employees shall cover as much exposed skin as possible with clothing and use a suitable cold cream or other preparation to cover any other exposed skin.
  • When coal tar pitch is being handled in confined spaces with inadequate ventilation, appropriate respiratory and eye protection shall be used.
  • Suitable portable fire extinguishers shall be readily available on the roof whenever kettles, tankers or torches are in use.
  • Torch heads, hoses, valves, gauges, connections and fittings shall be inspected before beginning work. Defective apparatus shall be removed from service until repaired.
  • Torches shall not be used near combustible material, left unattended while lighted, or pointed at anyone.
  • The valve on the propane container shall be closed when the burner is turned off in order to allow the propane to burn out of the hoses.
  • The foreman shall thoroughly inspect the roof at the end of the work day to check for smoldering fires. If necessary a 2-hour fire watch will be provided.
  • Gloves shall be worn whenever possible. Special care shall be taken when handling sheet metal, and sharp edges shall be avoided.
  • Care shall be taken when using acid or flux; Containers shall be closed when not in use.
  • Hard hats shall be worn at all times when waterproofing below grade. Appropriate respiratory protection shall be used if adequate ventilation is not available.
  • Proper housekeeping shall be observed at all times. Work spaces, storage areas and walkways shall be maintained reasonably cleared of obstructions and debris. Waste shall be disposed of at intervals determined by the rate of accumulation and the capacity of the job site container.
  • Metal scrap, shavings and other debris representing roof puncture hazards shall be disposed of immediately.
  • Flammable or hazardous wastes shall be placed in covered containers separate from normal debris.
  • At the end of the work day, mops shall be spun out, fanned onto a noncombustible material, cooled with water and then removed from the roof. Mops used during the day shall not be stored overnight in any enclosed structure.
  • Before leaving the job site, equipment and materials shall be appropriately secured and/or stored and all potential hazards to the public shall be abated or safeguarded.
  • Be safe in all your daily activities, both at home and on the job so that our association may be a long and pleasant one.

21.0 rope and wheel

  • Loads are limited to a maximum of 150 lbs. or what one man can lift (whichever is greater).
  • The device shall bear on at least two rungs, with a bearing length on each rung of not less than 10 inches.
  • Only extra-heavy-duty (Type lA) or heavy-duty (Type 1) ladder, in good condition can be used.
  • All other manufacturer’s recommendations will be adhered to.
  • Use D-rung frames on D-rung ladders. *Note: Modification of mounting brackets will not be allowed.
  • Only one man is allowed to operate the rope and wheel at any time.
  • The man operating the rope and wheel must wear a hard hat.
  • All items to be lifted by rope and wheel must be properly secured to prevent falling.
  • Do not allow anyone to walk or stand under the ladder at any time.
  • The rope and wheel must be taken off the ladder after each use.
  • No one is permitted to use a ladder when a rope and wheel is attached.
  • All employees who use the rope and wheel shall be trained and the training must be documented.
  • The ladder must be in proper position before rope and wheel can be used.
    • i.e.: Top of ladder must be at a height that the man on top can stand while holding the ladder etc.
  • Rope and wheels must be in good condition when used. (Rope, pulley, hook, clip, etc.).
  • The maximum height that a rope and wheel can be used is 32 feet.

22.0 safety cans

The proper storage of flammable liquids on roofing projects requires containment of the liquid and control of its vapors. Since flammable liquids are present on roofing job sites, and it is impossible to predict the degree of heat to which they may be exposed, basic fire prevention must start by controlling or eliminating the vapor-oxygen mixture.

Properly designed containers achieve this in one of two ways. One type of container (plastic can) is designed to contain the vapors completely; this type of container should never be used on roofing projects. The other, the safety can, is designed to vent the vapor in small measured amounts, while at the same time isolating the volatile liquid and the unvented vapor from the surrounding air.

The safety can or “burp can” features a spring loaded lid designed to release pressure in the can between 3 and 5 psi. As gradually rising temperatures cause vapor pressure to build up in the can, the lid opens, venting excess vapor to the outside atmosphere. The vapor release is generally in small controlled amounts and dissipates without hazard. The safety can has a second safety feature, a flame arrester, located in the spout. The flame arrester wire screen designed to prevent explosive ignition of the vapor in the can from outside sources of ignition such as open flames, hot surfaces, operation of electrical equipment and static electricity, lighted cigarette, or other ignition sources found on roofs. Safety cans have a low profile and are designed to be difficult to tip over.

Look for the UL (Underwriters’ Laboratories) seal which indicates that the safety can meets all requirements for this type of container. The safety or “burp can” is widely used for storing flammable products in industrial or construction environments. As a safety precaution, however, such cans should never be stored under canvas or plastic tarps; they should be stored in a well ventilated area, away from heat sources, and care should be taken not to damage the cans, especially the spring lid.

All containers including safety cans should be labeled as to their contents.

NEVER STORE SAFETY CANS IN CONFINED AREAS WHERE VENTILATION IS A PROBLEM. For example, fuel transported inside an enclosed truck has exploded because of vapors being vented by storage cans. On job sites, all flammable liquids should be stored in a defined area on the roof away from the work area.

23.0 slings

Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be enforced:

  • Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.
  • Chain or wire rope slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
  • Sling shall not be kinked, or knotted.
  • Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.
  • Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.
  • Slings shall be set to avold slippage.
  • Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads.
  • Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.
  • All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads.
  • Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load.
  • Shock loading is prohibited.
  • A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling and damage to the sling may result.

24.0 solvents

Various solvents are commonly found on construction sites. The term “solvent” is meant to include all those organic liquids commonly used to dissolve other organic materials. The hazards that they present are related to their flammability and/or health effects.

As part of our Hazardous Communication Program, all solvent containers should be labeled to indicate their properties and health and fire hazards. In addition, Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDSs) should be available which provide additional information related to safe handling.

Adverse health effects from industrial organic solvent exposures come principally from skin contact and inhalation of the vapors. The severity of the hazard associated with the use of organic solvents depends on the following factors.

  • Duration of exposure.
  • Operating Temperature.
  • Ventilation efficiency.
  • Evaporation rate of the solvent.
  • Exposed liquid surface.
  • Concentration of vapor in workroom air.
The solvent hazard, therefore, is determined not only by the toxicity of the solvent itself, but by the conditions of its use (i.e., who, what, how, where, and how long).

To minimize the risks associated with working with solvents, the following minimum guidelines should be followed:
  • Never smoke or work around open flames when utilizing solvents.
  • Always wear protective gloves and faceshields or goggles.
  • Ensure that the area where you are working is well ventilated.
  • If you do get solvent in your eyes, flush for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water.
  • Immediately wash, with soap and water, any body parts that come into contact with the solvent.
  • Understand how to locate and read the MSDS for the solvent you are using.
  • Don’t use any liquid from a container that is not properly labeled.

25.0 vehicles

  • Only authorized persons shall operate Company vehicles.
  • Drivers must possess a valid Drivers License of a c)ass appropriate for the vehicle(s) being operated.
  • Drivers shall immediately report any changes in license status due to suspension, revocation, etc.
  • Drivers shall thoroughly inspect their vehicles prior to leaving the yard. At a minimum, the gas, oil, water, brakes, brake lights, lights, turn signals and mirrors shall be checked. All defects shall be reported and repaired prior to operating any Company vehicle. Trip tickets will be completed.
  • Engines shall be turned off before fueling.
  • Employees shall not work under vehicles supported by jacks or chain hoists without protective blocking that will prevent injury if jacks or hoists should fail.
  • Drivers shall ensure that first-aid kits and fully charged fire extinguishers with valid tags are in their vehicles at all times.
  • Drivers shall ensure that their loads are evenly distributed, securely tied down, and covered, if necessary.
  • Before towing anything, drivers shall ensure that hitches are closed, safety chains are secure and brake lights are operating and visible. Towing brake systems shall be hooked up and operating prior to leaving the yard or job site.
  • Do not back up without the assistance of an observer outside the vehicle.
  • Employees shall obey all traffic rules and shall drive in a reasonable and safe manner while operating motor vehicles belonging to the Company and while operating the employee’s own motor vehicle on Company business.
  • Employees shall immediately report any traffic tickets received or accidents occurring while operating Company vehicles or while operating the employee’s own vehicle on Company business. A police report of any accident shall be submitted immediately upon return to the office. If a police officer refuses to write a report, obtain his or her badge number and/or name and report this information immediately upon return to the office.
  • Cell phones are not to be used while the company vehicle is moving. Pull over to the side to use a cell phone.

26.0 welding and cutting

  • Always check carefully for fire hazards before starting to weld. Make sure that wood, paper, flammable materials, and flammable liquids are cleared from the welding area.
  • Watch for slag and sparks when cutting or welding,
  • When welding near combustible materials, a fire extinguisher, pail of water, fire hose, or pail of sand should be at hand.
  • Establish a fire watch with an assigned trained worker to put out sparks.
  • Don’t cut or weld any tank or drum that contained flammable liquids until it has been tested to ensure no dangerous vapors are present.
  • Good ventilation is a must for all welding operations. Remember to check the MSDS before you begin.
  • Eye protection is a must on all welding job, with many jobs requiring full face protection.
  • Eye protection is necessary to protect your eyes from sparks, slag, molten metal, and the flash burns caused by radiation from welding equipment.
  • Wear gloves and long-sleeved shirts.
  • lnspect all equipment. Replace cracked hoses, broken gauges, etc.
  • Keep cylinders secured. Caps should be used on unused cylinders.

27.0 yard operations

  • All volatile fuel container (propane bottles, gas cans, etc.) and hazardous materials shall be stored in their designated areas.
  • Smoking is prohibited near or around gas or propane tank areas.
  • The speed limit in the yard is 5 miles per hour. This applies to both vehicles and motorized equipment.
  • Only trained and authorized drivers shall operate forklifts.
  • Forklifts shall be inspected by their drivers prior to being operated.
  • Forks shall be carried as low as possible.
  • No person shall ride on a forklift.
  • Extreme care shall be taken when tilting elevated loads.
  • Operators shall lower the forks, shut off the engine and set the brakes before leaving forklifts unattended.